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The Citadel Poll conducted two surveys ahead of the 2024 election. One included 1,241 registered voters in South Carolina. The other included 1,216 registered voters in Georgia. The intent was to gauge candidate and policy preferences across two states to see if different contexts or shared experiences shaped those attitudes. The Citadel Poll’s measure of the opinions of Black voters in Georgia and South Carolina have a smaller margin of error in this study, because interviews with Black voters were over-sampled and then weighted back to the share of Black voters on the voter rolls. This ensured that there is no bias in the estimates, but the analysis can be more detailed.

Consistent with the election four years ago, former President Donald Trump holds a narrow lead over Vice President Harris in Georgia (49-47), but Trump’s lead is considerable in South Carolina (54-42). The lead in Georgia is within the margin of error, but in South Carolina the difference is well above the #.#% margin of error for the likely voter sample. What makes the election interesting is the variation in how votes are distributed by race, gender, geography, and how long someone has lived in the state.

In both states the breakdown of preference by race and gender show that the preferences of each group are remarkably similar whether they plan to vote in South Carolina or Georgia. However, Black female voters in Georgia are far more likely to vote for the Democratic nominee than Black women in South Carolina, because fewer said they would vote for someone else.

The reasons voters selected for supporting the candidates also differed by race and gender, but not by geographic difference. Voters who support Vice President Harris responded with a variety of reasons as to why they supported her. Black voters had the widest range of reasons for their preference, while a majority of white voters of both genders who supported Harris were focused on defeating former President Trump. The same pattern appears to hold in both states.

A similar look at what attracts supporters of Donald Trump to his candidacy shows a stronger commitment to the campaign’s primary message that the first term had a good track record of success. Agreement with Trump’s policies also appear to be an attraction for Trump supporters regardless of race, gender, or state residence. A key difference, however, is that Black males in South Carolina did say that America needed a new direction more than Black males in Georgia. This is notable, because in an election that is either about passing the baton or resetting the direction for the country the message of change itself does not seem to be a dominant choice for voters.

Across the state of South Carolina, support for former President Trump continues to look like the election map in 2020 and the 2024 Republican primary. Trump is most popular with voters in the counties that make up Florence and Myrtle Beach media market and he is least popular in the counties that surround Columbia. But if you look at the Charleston media market – that expands outside of the city – the former President is likely to cover what is lost in the Midlands with support in the Lowcountry.

Voter responses to the poll in both states show that Hurricane Helene is still on the minds of voters. In both states a majority of voters say they have seen more news about the effects of the storm after late-September than other past storms (51% in GA, 54% in SC). When we look deeper into the data for the media markets that were most affected by the storm, Augusta and Greenville we see that voters in Georgia who still think of the storm say they are less likely to vote for Vice President Harris. The contrast is even prevalent within voters who live in the August media market that staddles the Georgia and South Carolina border.

Finally, are candidate preferences influenced by how long someone has lived in their state?

This is an important question for two of the fastest growing states in the country. South Carolina is right in the middle as far as most to least populated states, but it is growing faster than other states. At the same time, Georgia has experienced tremendous population growth and is becoming a larger prize in the Electoral College as a result.

Candidate Preference based on residence in South Carolina

If we consider when a voter moved to South Carolina, Donald Trump consistently attracts 10% or more of the votes from those who moved to South Carolina in the past 5 years, more than 10 years ago, or always lived in the state. The one group where the trend does not hold is are the likely voters who moved to the state 5 to 10 years ago (10% of the electorate). Among these voters Kamala Harris is slightly favored over Donald Trump (+3%) in this sample but the comparison is within the margin of error. Trump’s largest lead is with the newest residents of the state, which is some evidence to consider that the state’s politics are not changing quickly despite being the fastest growing state in the country.

Candidate Preference based on residence in Georgia

In contrast to South Carolina, new residents of Georgia who are likely to vote in this election clearly prefer Vice President Kamala Harris. Those voters who were born in Georgia and have always lived in the state are a strong base of support for former President Donald Trump.

In South Carolina, Donald Trump won the state in 2016 (54.9%) by receiving 14% more of the vote than Hillary Clinton. Trump also won the state of South Carolina in 2020 (55.1%) with a 12% margin over Joe Biden.

In Georgia, Donald Trump won the state in 2016 (51.3%) by receiving 6% more of the vote than Hillary Clinton. Then in 2020, Joe Biden won the state of Georgia (50%) with a 0.3% margin over Donald Trump.

The Citadel Poll’s survey of 1,000 registered voters in South Carolina gauged the candidate preference of 505 likely Republican Primary voters. Consistent with the national trend, former President Donald Trump (64%) holds a considerable lead over Governor Nikki Haley (31%) in the state’s open primary. The 33% lead is well above the 4.4% margin of error for the likely voter sample. What makes the race truly interesting, is the variation in where each candidate’s support is.

Former President Trump benefits from above-average support in areas outside of the Charleston and Columbia metropolitan areas. The rallies held in Conway and North Charleston show that President Trump is trying to build enthusiasm in major population centers to keep or grow his support. Next week, he gives his closing pitch in Greenville to a region of the state where his popularity is the highest. Voter enthusiasm shows that Donald Trump still has supporters in Charleston and Upstate that are not certain they will vote in the next week (see Table 2).

Former Governor Haley’s modern day whistle-stop tour in the Midlands and Lowcountry is a recognition that she is well liked in the state, but needs her supporters to be more enthusiastic about voting before Saturday February 24. Early voting is a key to her beating expectations, because a majority of Governor Haley’s supporters plan to vote in-person early. She begins to narrow the gap with former President Trump with voters who would plan to vote early but were not definite that they would actually vote.

Table 2: Enthusiasm to vote in GOP Primary among those still eligible, by candidate preference

A total of 707 respondents said they would support Trump or Haley in the primary. There were 140 respondents who did not receive this question because they voted in South Carolina’s Democratic Primary on February 3^rd.

Is South Carolina truly Trump’s to win?

Both Republican candidates are electable in the eyes of the South Carolina voters. In a head-to-head contest, preference among registered voters for former President Donald Trump (54%) is 19% higher than President Joe Biden (35%). Similarly, former Governor Nikki Haley (50%) is preferred by 22% more of the respondents than President Joe Biden (28%). The key difference is that if Governor Haley is on the ballot most Trump supporters continue to prefer her (69%, another 15% are undecided). Her edge is that 21% of voters who prefer President Biden over Donald Trump would vote for Nikki Haley. Only 7% of voters who prefer Biden over Trump would be undecided if Nikki Haley was the candidate.  Thus, says Citadel political science professor DuBose Kapeluck, “the poll suggests that Republicans would win more decisively in the general election if Haley was the Republican nominee but Republicans will carry the state regardless.”

The public’s anticipation of who they will support in November 2024 when the field of candidates is larger than the two party nominees shows the race could look different depending on who wins the Republican nomination. The head-to-head question asking which candidate a voter would support was expanded to include independent Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Senator Joe Manchin, and Green Party candidate Jill Stein. In a larger field, President Biden (31%) still trails Donald Trump (50%) in South Carolina by the same percentage as the head-to-head contest. “This pattern contradicts any expectation that a third-party contest would draw more votes from one candidate than another,” said Citadel political science professor Mark Owens, who conducted the poll with Professor Kapeluck.

Third-party candidates could gain more traction with voters if Governor Haley wins the Republican nomination. With more candidates in the race, Robert Kennedy, Jr.’s support increases to 20% in a Biden-Haley contest (+10% if Trump were on the ballot). Kennedy’s appeal detracts from both candidates, but more heavily from Haley, who’s lead over Biden drops from 21% to 17%. The largest shift is that 28% of Trump supporters in a Biden-Trump contest would prefer Kennedy over Haley. Prof. Kapeluck notes, “This suggests that Kennedy has positioned himself right in the middle ideologically between the two major party candidates.” Kennedy would seem to be a second-best for many Republicans, though for some it’s Trump or nothing.” Governor Haley maintains support from 55% of the Trump supporters, but we should be somewhat cautious to read into this as 10% of the Trump respondents refused to indicate who they would vote for if Trump was not the nominee. Haley’s lead remains strong, because she gains support from 19% of those who back Biden in a head-to-head race with Trump. If Haley wins the nomination, it appears more difficult to win back Trump supporters, however she is the candidate that draws support away from Biden.

Are the leads reflective of leadership traits the public wants?

The Citadel Poll asked voters what leadership traits they would like to see the President of the United States have. The broadest agreement among registered voters in South Carolina is that the President should accomplish tasks efficiently (85%), reduce uncertainty (70%), respect the ideas and feelings of the public (68%), and project a sense of calm (65%). This reveals that the public currently favors leadership that prioritizes accomplishments where the outcome is likely certain, more than feeling calm and secure.

The poll shows that Governor Henry McMaster has the highest approval of elected officials in South Carolina. When voters were asked if they supported or opposed sending the South Carolina National Guard to the Mexico border, the voters who were told Governor McMaster had already done so were more supportive of the policy.

What’s the role of Senator Scott’s endorsement?

The possibility that Senator Tim Scott is on the short list to be tapped as a running-mate, if Donald Trump wins the Republican Primary, has captured the attention of South Carolina voters. A majority of Republican primary voters (51%) would be more enthusiastic about Donald Trump’s candidacy if he selected Senator Scott as his running mate. The selection offers future benefits to Trump since enthusiasm for selecting Scott is higher among voters who support Donald Trump over Joe Biden in a head-to-head contest (62%). Enthusiasm is also greatest among voters who already prefer Donald Trump to Nikki Haley in next week’s election, but the selection holds little risk with the primary voters who support Haley who say it will have no impact on their preference (32%). This is consistent with the idea that Senator Scott can mobilize a base and also propel momentum. Among voters who are currently considering other candidates (34%) or unsure how committed they are before they vote in the primary (51%) would be more enthusiastic about Donald Trump in the general election if Senator Scott was on the ticket.  “We can’t be sure this ‘can’t lose’ Tim Scott VP dynamic will hold in other states, but in South Carolina it is impossible to deny,” says Prof. Kapeluck.

Finally, are candidate preferences influenced by how long someone has lived in South Carolina?

Donald Trump attracts a majority of voters who will probably vote in the Republican primary across each category of residency. Among the most recent residents Donald Trump leads Nikki Haley by 15% (52-37). It is important to remember that while the state has a growing population only 10% of the registered voter population is new. In this primary election, they are as enthusiastic to vote as the rest of the state. Donald Trump’s greatest advantage is among voters who have lived in South Carolina their entire life (+48%, Trump 68%; Haley 20%). To be competitive Haley will have to narrow the gap with long-time South Carolina residents. Voters who either moved here more than 10 years ago or have not lived anywhere else combined are 80% of the state’s registered voters.

“Enthusiasm in the electorate varies based on length of residency in the state” added Owens. Respondents who have lived in South Carolina their entire life are the least enthusiastic about this primary (49% definite, 24% probably). The highest enthusiasm is among voters who moved to the state 5 to 10 years ago (63% definite, 24% probably). The residents who moved to the state while Governor Haley was in office or had a high-profile position in the Trump administration are an important target. To this group, Donald Trump’s campaign has shaped their political memories in South Carolina in the primary and general elections and few – if any – have had the opportunity to vote for Governor Haley.

Looking back to 2016, Donald Trump won the state in 2016 (32.5%). Governor Nikki Haley endorsed Marco Rubio in 2016 in the last week of the campaign, who came in second place (22.5%). Today, Governor Haley’s name is on the ballot and her opponent Donald Trump won the general election in South Carolina twice.